Micronutrient intake from three popular diet patterns in the United States: modeled replacement of foods highest in added sugar and sodium using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2018.

Introduction: Fifty-two percent of adults in the United States reported following a popular diet pattern in 2022, yet there is limited information on daily micronutrient intakes associated with these diet patterns. The objective of the present study was to model the impact on micronutrient intake when foods highest in added sugar and sodium were replaced with healthier alternatives to align with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations. Methods: Dietary data were acquired from 34,411 adults ≥ 20 y in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2018. The National Cancer Institute methodology was used to estimate usual dietary intake at baseline of 17 micronutrients using information from up to two dietary recalls per person. A food substitution model was used to evaluate the impact on micronutrient intake when three servings of foods highest in added sugar and sodium were substituted with healthier alternatives. Results: Dietary modeling to replace foods highest in added sugar with healthier alternatives increased the mean intake of fat-soluble vitamins (0.15% for vitamin A to 4.28% for vitamin K), most water-soluble vitamins (0.01% for vitamin B1 to 12.09% for vitamin C), and most minerals (0.01% for sodium to 4.44% for potassium) across all diet patterns. Replacing foods highest in sodium had mixed effects on the mean intake of micronutrients. The intake of most fatsoluble vitamins increased by 1.37-6.53% (particularly vitamin A and D), yet while the intake of some water-soluble vitamins and minerals increased by 0.18-2.64% (particularly vitamin B2, calcium, and iron) others decreased by 0.56-10.38% (notably vitamin B3 and B6, magnesium, sodium, and potassium). Discussion: Modeled replacement of foods highest in added sugar led to more favorable changes in mean micronutrient intake compared to modeled replacement of foods highest in sodium. Due to the composite nature of mixed dishes that include multiple ingredients, food substitutions may result in both favorable and unfavorable changes in micronutrient intake. These findings highlight the challenges of making singleitem food substitutions to increase micronutrient intake and call for further research to evaluate optimal combinations of replacement foods to maximize the intake of all micronutrients simultaneously.

Development of a new food composition table: An updated tool for estimating nutrient intake in Bangladeshi population.

Valid and reliable food composition data have a crucial role in all nutrition-related activities in a country. However, existing food composition tables in Bangladesh date back to 1970s and are outdated in terms of data quality. Consequently, it was imperative to revise the food composition table for Bangladesh (FCTB). This paper describes the generation of an updated food composition database (FCDB) for Bangladesh following international standards. Primary analytical values from 74 foods (including 54 prioritized key foods (KFs)) were generated through component-specific Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) or other internationally accredited methods. Secondary compositional values (analytical, estimated, borrowed, or calculated) were assembled and compiled in accordance with the International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) guidelines and standards. The FCDB now contains updated and well-structured reliable values for 447 foods and 89 components that will have important usages for all stakeholders in the country and elsewhere.